The dry cell weights of the diluted samples were then detected and measured for plotting the standard curve. The amounts of total sugar were estimated by the phenol–sulfuric acid
assay method of Dubois et al. (1956) using fructose, glucose, sucrose, and xylose standard calibration curves, respectively (Dubois et al., 1956). The glycerol concentration was determined
using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; Young Lin Acme 9000 HPLC).