Outcome Variable
To determine the presence of urinary incontinence, participants were asked at year 4
whether in the past 12 months, they had leaked even a small amount of urine?15 Participants
who answered yes were then asked how often they had leaked urine in the past 12 months.
Response choices were less than once per month, one or more times per month, one or more
times per week or every day.15 For descriptive purposes, we operationally defined type of
incontinence as either “stress” (leakage of urine with an activity like coughing, lifting,
standing up or exercise), “urge” (leakage of urine with urge to urinate and can’t get to a
toilet fast enough) or “other” (leakage of urine unrelated to coughing, sneezing, lifting, or
urge). Based on previously published studies, urinary incontinence was operationally
defined as report of leaking urine at least one time per week or daily versus all others.15
Outcome VariableTo determine the presence of urinary incontinence, participants were asked at year 4whether in the past 12 months, they had leaked even a small amount of urine?15 Participantswho answered yes were then asked how often they had leaked urine in the past 12 months.Response choices were less than once per month, one or more times per month, one or moretimes per week or every day.15 For descriptive purposes, we operationally defined type ofincontinence as either “stress” (leakage of urine with an activity like coughing, lifting,standing up or exercise), “urge” (leakage of urine with urge to urinate and can’t get to atoilet fast enough) or “other” (leakage of urine unrelated to coughing, sneezing, lifting, orurge). Based on previously published studies, urinary incontinence was operationallydefined as report of leaking urine at least one time per week or daily versus all others.15
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