• System or process flowcharts, which show how various elements of a system in-
terrelate. Figure 8–3 is an example of a process flowchart for design reviews.
Flowcharting can help the project team anticipate what and where quality prob-
lems might occur and thus can help to develop approaches to dealing with them.
.4 Design of experiments. Design of experiments is an analytical technique which helps
identify which variables have the most influence on the overall outcome. The tech-
nique is applied most frequently to product of the project issues (e.g., automotive
designers might wish to determine which combination of suspension and tires will
produce the most desirable ride characteristics at a reasonable cost).
However, it can also be applied to project management issues such as cost and
schedule trade-offs. For example, senior engineers will cost more than junior engi-
neers, but can also be expected to complete the assigned work in less time. An appro-
priately designed “experiment” (in this case, computing project costs and durations
for various combinations of senior and junior engineers) will often allow determina-
tion of an optimal solution from a relatively limited number of cases.
8.1.3 Outputs from Quality Planning
.1 Quality management plan. The quality management plan should describe how
the project management team will implement its quality policy. In ISO 9000 ter-
minology, it should describe the project quality system: “the organizational struc-
ture, responsibilities, procedures, processes, and resources needed to implement
quality management” [5].
The quality management plan provides input to the overall project plan (de-
scribed in Section 4.1, Project Plan Development) and must address quality control,
quality assurance, and quality improvement for the project.
The quality management plan may be formal or informal, highly detailed, or
broadly framed, based on the needs of the project.
.2 Operational definitions. An operational definition describes, in very specific terms,
what something is, and how it is measured by the quality control process. For exam-
ple, it is not enough to say that meeting the planned schedule dates is a measure of
management quality; the project management team must also indicate whether every
activity must start on time, or only finish on time; whether individual activities will
be measured or only certain deliverables, and if so, which ones. Operational defini-
tions are also called metrics in some application areas.
• System or process flowcharts, which show how various elements of a system in-
terrelate. Figure 8–3 is an example of a process flowchart for design reviews.
Flowcharting can help the project team anticipate what and where quality prob-
lems might occur and thus can help to develop approaches to dealing with them.
.4 Design of experiments. Design of experiments is an analytical technique which helps
identify which variables have the most influence on the overall outcome. The tech-
nique is applied most frequently to product of the project issues (e.g., automotive
designers might wish to determine which combination of suspension and tires will
produce the most desirable ride characteristics at a reasonable cost).
However, it can also be applied to project management issues such as cost and
schedule trade-offs. For example, senior engineers will cost more than junior engi-
neers, but can also be expected to complete the assigned work in less time. An appro-
priately designed “experiment” (in this case, computing project costs and durations
for various combinations of senior and junior engineers) will often allow determina-
tion of an optimal solution from a relatively limited number of cases.
8.1.3 Outputs from Quality Planning
.1 Quality management plan. The quality management plan should describe how
the project management team will implement its quality policy. In ISO 9000 ter-
minology, it should describe the project quality system: “the organizational struc-
ture, responsibilities, procedures, processes, and resources needed to implement
quality management” [5].
The quality management plan provides input to the overall project plan (de-
scribed in Section 4.1, Project Plan Development) and must address quality control,
quality assurance, and quality improvement for the project.
The quality management plan may be formal or informal, highly detailed, or
broadly framed, based on the needs of the project.
.2 Operational definitions. An operational definition describes, in very specific terms,
what something is, and how it is measured by the quality control process. For exam-
ple, it is not enough to say that meeting the planned schedule dates is a measure of
management quality; the project management team must also indicate whether every
activity must start on time, or only finish on time; whether individual activities will
be measured or only certain deliverables, and if so, which ones. Operational defini-
tions are also called metrics in some application areas.
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