The unique microbial phenomenon
of fouling is known for its notorious resilience to any
prevention means. This fouling resilience is found even in the cross-
flow mode, even though the tangential flow exhibits distinct effectiveness
of reducing fouling under a condition of low cell concentration
[3]. Typical ways of controlling fouling include optimizing process conditions
(e.g., pressure, retention time, and cultivation conditions), improving
system design (e.g., reactor structure and membrane surface
modification), and incorporating pretreatments (e.g., mechanical washing,
chemical cleaning, and chemical coagulation)