Stoyanova (2000) identified three categories of problem posing experiences that can
increase students’ awareness of different situations to generate and solve
mathematical problems: (a) free situations, (b) semi-structured situations, and (c)
structured problem-posing situations. In the free situations students pose problems
without any restriction. An example of the free problem posing situation are the tasks
where students are encouraged to write problems for friends to solve or write
problems for mathematical Olympiads. Semi-structured problem posing situations
refer to situations where students are asked to write problems, which are similar to
given problems or to write problems based on specific pictures and diagrams.
Structured problem posing situations refer to situations where students pose problems
by reformulating already solved problems or by varying the conditions or questions
of given problems.
Silver (1994) classified problem posing according to whether it takes place before
(presolution), during (within-solution) or after problem solving (post-solution). He
argued that problem posing could occur (a) prior to problem solving when problems
are being generated from particular presented stimulus such as a story, a picture, a
diagram, a representation, etc., (b) during problem solving when students
intentionally change the goals and conditions of problems, (c) after solving a problem
when experiences from the problem solving context are applied to new situations.
Stoyanova (2000) and Silver (1994) classified problem posing tasks in terms of the
situations and experiences which provide opportunities for students to engage in
mathematical activity. Both classifications involve five categories of problem posing
tasks, which were used throughout the studies so far: Tasks that merely require
students to pose (a) a problem in general (free situations), (b) a problem with a given
answer, (c) a problem that contains certain information, (d) questions for a problem
situation, and (e) a problem that fits a given calculation.
It is acknowledged that there are a variety of ways to analyze problem posing tasks
and each may give a different understanding of the process. However, there is a need
for a framework that can be used on responses from a wide range of tasks and from
different age groups so that inter-task study and development of problem posing
behavior can be investigated. The model proposed in the present study synthesizes
most of the ideas articulated in previous studies, including a classification scheme of
cognitive processes. The focus of the proposed model is on students’ ability to pose
their own two-step addition and subtraction problems, but the model can be applied
to many other areas of mathematics.
Stoyanova (2000) identified three categories of problem posing experiences that can
increase students’ awareness of different situations to generate and solve
mathematical problems: (a) free situations, (b) semi-structured situations, and (c)
structured problem-posing situations. In the free situations students pose problems
without any restriction. An example of the free problem posing situation are the tasks
where students are encouraged to write problems for friends to solve or write
problems for mathematical Olympiads. Semi-structured problem posing situations
refer to situations where students are asked to write problems, which are similar to
given problems or to write problems based on specific pictures and diagrams.
Structured problem posing situations refer to situations where students pose problems
by reformulating already solved problems or by varying the conditions or questions
of given problems.
Silver (1994) classified problem posing according to whether it takes place before
(presolution), during (within-solution) or after problem solving (post-solution). He
argued that problem posing could occur (a) prior to problem solving when problems
are being generated from particular presented stimulus such as a story, a picture, a
diagram, a representation, etc., (b) during problem solving when students
intentionally change the goals and conditions of problems, (c) after solving a problem
when experiences from the problem solving context are applied to new situations.
Stoyanova (2000) and Silver (1994) classified problem posing tasks in terms of the
situations and experiences which provide opportunities for students to engage in
mathematical activity. Both classifications involve five categories of problem posing
tasks, which were used throughout the studies so far: Tasks that merely require
students to pose (a) a problem in general (free situations), (b) a problem with a given
answer, (c) a problem that contains certain information, (d) questions for a problem
situation, and (e) a problem that fits a given calculation.
It is acknowledged that there are a variety of ways to analyze problem posing tasks
and each may give a different understanding of the process. However, there is a need
for a framework that can be used on responses from a wide range of tasks and from
different age groups so that inter-task study and development of problem posing
behavior can be investigated. The model proposed in the present study synthesizes
most of the ideas articulated in previous studies, including a classification scheme of
cognitive processes. The focus of the proposed model is on students’ ability to pose
their own two-step addition and subtraction problems, but the model can be applied
to many other areas of mathematics.
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