Fluoride adsorption experiments with the produced nanoparticles were conducted at 25 ± 2 °C. Stock solution of fluoride (100 mg•L−1) was prepared by dissolving the required amount of NaF in deionized water. Required concentration range was further prepared by appropriate dilution of the stock solution with deionized water. A volume of 20 mL of fluoride solution with varying initial fluoride concentrations (1–50 mg•L−1) was taken into plastic tubes. The nanoparticles were added (0.01 g) to the tubes and agitated at 150 rpm until equilibrium was reached (equilibrium time: 120 min). After equilibrium time, samples were filtered and the residual fluoride concentration in solution was measured by ion chromatography. The removal percentage of fluoride by the synthesized adsorbent was calculated using Eq. (2).