Discussion: climate change and the need for a more critically reflective ISA for public health practice through CSH Climate change is a complex problem. It is directly related to the global political economy, tied to the production and consumption of energy (and resultant energy insecurity), and also results from ecological degradation (e.g. deforestation, industrialization) [41–46]. In Canada, many people have begun to feel direct health impacts, including, but not limited to, heat waves (and associated heatstroke, increasing heat-related deaths) and rising rates of accidental morbidity and mortality from extreme weather events. Indirect effects of climate change are said to include increasing risk of vector-borne and zoonotic disease (e.g. West Nile virus, Lyme disease); an increase in food- and waterborne contamination [47]; resource shortages (e.g. food production), and economic disruptionsaffectinghumanwell-being.Climatechangeisalsoknownto most adversely affect the socially and economically vulnerable, exacerbating existing health inequalities. Thus, there is an identified need for the health sector to respond proactively to climate change, to adapt to its effects and to address its complex causes before greater health consequences come to bear, particularly for the most marginalized populations in Canadian society. Given the complexity of climate change and the speed at which practical action is required to adapt to and mitigate its effects, ISA has many benefits to offer public health practitioners. Better understanding of the environmental (e.g. changes in agricultural production, forest fires, fresh water declines), economic (e.g. loss of natural capital to manufacture and export, carbon trading), political (e.g. fossil fuels versus renewable energy, carbon taxation) and social impacts (e.g. further marginalization of the marginalized) of climate change increases the robustness of the public health response in reducing health impacts and promoting health equity. Frustrated with the slow pace of policy development at both the national and the international levels, many non-state groups and organizations have begun to champion climate change as an important issue at the local level. This work has positive implications for health and well-being, but these creative efforts face ongoing challenges without the resources and support from state institutions (i.e. public health agencies). Forging more effective collaborations between these groups may be able to push public health policy forward on climate change. Given the highly contextual nature and geographic specificity of climate change, it would be irresponsible not to work with diverse groups of engaged stakeholders across multiple sectors. CSH may be able to help bring about optimum results when considering ISAbetween the health sector and various community organizations acting on climate change or other complex health issues. In the following paragraphs, I identify strategies for engaging in intersectoral work with considerations from CSH. It should be noted that this is not an exhaustive framework for entering into collaborative work on climate change, but rather a primer for considering how CSH might factor into collaborative settings. Systemsthinkingcanbeemployedtoholisticallyunderstandthe nature of any problem. The key is to understand the big picture. Identifying interactions between systems and their component parts is important. However, credence should be given to understanding what the interaction between all those components looks
C. Buse Intersectoral action for health equity
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1097
like and how they may be able to work together to develop a solution. By examining all component parts and the multiple systems that may contribute to a problem like climate change, we can better understand who the relevant stakeholders are and what sectors they might represent. Identifying and inviting considerations from relevant stakeholders at the outset of developing an intervention or policy is important. This step requires ISA organizers to envision who is affected by a problem like climate change and how they are affected. This might include public health practitioners, industry representatives, planners, non-profit organizations, various community groups, environmental associations or ethno-cultural groups. Once relevant stakeholders have been identified, stakeholders need to be brought together in a common setting to build dialogue and a common vision for how a solution to a problem might be developed. First-time meetings can be difficult to manage due to the explicit differences in perspectives. What may be more overwhelming is that despite having a genuine interest in mitigating climate change and building health equity, different stakeholders may have different ideas on how to develop solutions towards a common goal. Collaboration and ISAtherefore rely upon the successful management of differences [20]. Formats for building dialogue might include formal workshops and retreats or informal meetings in a common space run by an experienced facilitator where the goal is to engage in nonjudgemental dialogue with one another. Activities may include visioning exercises, scenario development or roundtable discussions, and numerous innovative ways of engaging stakeholders in the policy process are emerging (e.g. crowd-sourcing).According to CSH, the key to the process of building dialogue among stakeholders is to find a way to equalize power dynamics between all those present. Developing a series of is/ought questions related to the problem may be useful in gauging the diverse perspectives in the room, how they might relate to one another and whether common themes emerge from how they view or experience a particular problem. Using the case of climate change as an example, local green grocersandtheircustomersmayfearrisingfoodpricesduetofood scarcity; larger corporations may consider how cutting carbon emissions and stemming production will affect their bottom line; and community health practitioners may focus on how communities can be more resilient to outbreaks of disease as climates become more favourable to the spread of particular vectors [48–50]. All of these perspectives require careful consideration; their underlying values identified and communicated in a way so thatallstakeholdershaveanequalunderstandingoftheinterestsof other stakeholders. Allowing participants the space to disclose their self-interest is a powerful planning tool [51]. However, developing an environmentofnon-judgementtopursuesuchanactivityischallengingto say the least. In order to communicate effectively, participating parties have to understand the structures guiding their communication [33,52]. Recognizing that particular ideologies hold hegemonic powers [53] requires making values and assumptions explicit. This helps to build trust between stakeholders forging ahead with shared responsibility for developing solutions related to health equity. Thus, equity can be preserved in dialogue and emphasized as a guiding principle when designing an intervention across sectors.
Asolution may begin to take shape through the identification of a shared understanding of a problem. Through the process of dialogue building, stakeholders engage in shared meaning-making – a shared understanding of the problem, and a collaboratively designed process to achieve those goals.The practical action component of CSH dictates that smaller and more achievable goals might be developed to ensure realistic expectations and achievable results.The designation of smaller working groups (e.g. facilitated through the use of open-space meetings) brought together by key interests may prove useful to this end. In the case of climate change, increased dialogue between local businesses, public health practitioners and community developers may increase community programmes including the localization of food production (e.g. community gardens, urban agriculture), which simultaneously reduces the urban heat island effect and reducestheriskofheat-relatedmorbidityandmortality[54].Similarly, advocating for energy retrofits to shared community buildings,privateofficesandresidentialhousescandecreasetheneedto produceelectricityfromcoalandoilpoweredelectricalgenerating stations, reducing carbon emissions and thereby lowering the risk of lower respiratory tract infections resulting from exposure to poor air quality. Data from all stages of programme development should be used to evaluate programme success (as defined by collaborating parties).Collectingdataexplicitlyforevaluationpurposesisuseful in this regard (i.e. what is working well and what has been a challenge?). CSH lends itself particularly well to participative evaluation (PE). However, PE implies different things for different evaluators. Some definitions imply an approach to broaden decision-making through systemic inquiry, while others pursue an agenda of reallocating power in the production of decision making and problem solving to develop social change [55–58]. By advocating for shared ownership of the problem, shared control of the process and a commitment to emancipation, CSH informed ISA addresses these goals and protects stakeholders closest to the problem. Ethnographic data collected during meetings are useful, as are audio or video recordings of presentations made by stakeholders and various working groups. The collection and monitoring of real-timedataallowsforthatinformationtoquicklyfeedbackinto the collaborative process so that small adjustments can be made, powerdifferentialscanbeaccountedforandstakeholderviewscan be best represented and captured [55].
Conclusion This paper develops an understanding of ISA that incorporates CSH theory and practice. CSH recognizes the importance of holistic thinking while simultaneously championing diverse perspectives within a given system. When applied to complex problems, ISA has demonstrat
สนทนา: สภาพและความต้องการมากขึ้นถึง reflective ISA สำหรับสาธารณสุขฝึกผ่าน CSH สภาพภูมิอากาศเป็นปัญหาที่ซับซ้อน มันเกี่ยวข้องโดยตรงกับเศรษฐกิจการเมืองโลก เชื่อมโยงกับการผลิตและการใช้พลังงาน (และความไม่มั่นคงของพลังงานผลแก่), และนอกจากนี้ ผลจากการลดประสิทธิภาพของระบบนิเวศ (เช่นการทำลายป่า ทวีความรุนแรงมาก) [41 – 46] ในแคนาดา หลายคนได้เริ่มรู้สึกกระทบต่อสุขภาพโดยตรง รวมถึง แต่ไม่จำกัดเฉพาะการ คลื่นความร้อน (heatstroke เกี่ยวข้อง การเสียชีวิตที่เกี่ยวข้องกับความร้อนที่เพิ่มขึ้น) และเพิ่มอัตรา morbidity อุบัติเหตุและการตายจากเหตุการณ์สภาพอากาศมากขึ้น ผลกระทบทางอ้อมของการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศจะกล่าวรวมถึงความเสี่ยงที่เพิ่มขึ้นของโรคเชื่อ ว่าเวกเตอร์ และ zoonotic (เช่นเวสต์ไนล์ไวรัส โรคไร Lyme); การเพิ่มอาหารและปนเปื้อนน้ำ [47]; ขาดแคลนทรัพยากร (เช่นผลิตอาหาร), และ disruptionsaffectinghumanwell เป็นเศรษฐกิจ Climatechangeisalsoknownto ที่สุดผลกระทบดี สังคม และเศษรฐกิจเสี่ยงอยู่สุขภาพความเหลื่อมล้ำทางการ ดังนั้น มีการ identified ต้องการภาคสุขภาพเพื่อตอบสนองทุกวันนี้การเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ ปรับตัวรับกับผลกระทบ และ ที่อยู่ของสาเหตุซับซ้อนก่อนผลกระทบสุขภาพมากกว่ามาหมี โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งสำหรับประชากรที่มีมากที่สุดในสังคมแคนาดา กำหนดความซับซ้อนของการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศและความเร็วซึ่งการดำเนินการปฏิบัติจะต้องคล้อย และบรรเทาผลกระทบ ISA มี benefits จำนวนมากให้ผู้สาธารณสุข เข้าใจในสิ่งแวดล้อมที่ดีขึ้น (เช่นการเปลี่ยนแปลงในการผลิตทางการเกษตร ป่า fires น้ำปฏิเสธ), ทางเศรษฐกิจ (เช่นขาดทุนธรรมชาติทุนการผลิต และส่ง ออก ซื้อขายคาร์บอน), การเมือง (เช่นเชื้อเพลิงฟอสซิลและพลังงานทดแทน ภาษีคาร์บอน) และผลกระทบทางสังคม (เช่นเติม marginalization ของที่มี) ของการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศเพิ่มเสถียรภาพของการตอบสนองสาธารณในการลดผลกระทบต่อสุขภาพ และส่งเสริมสุขภาพส่วน ผิดหวังกับก้าวช้าของนโยบายการพัฒนาชาติและระดับนานาชาติ กลุ่มไม่ใช่รัฐและองค์กรจำนวนมากได้เริ่มสภาพแชมป์เป็นประเด็นสำคัญในระดับท้องถิ่น งานนี้มีผลบวกสำหรับสุขภาพ แต่ความพยายามสร้างสรรค์เหล่านี้เผชิญกับความท้าทายอย่างต่อเนื่อง โดยไม่มีทรัพยากรและการสนับสนุนจากสถาบันของรัฐ (เช่นสาธารณสุขหน่วยงาน) ตีความร่วมมือมีประสิทธิภาพมากขึ้นระหว่างกลุ่มเหล่านี้อาจจะสามารถผลักดันนโยบายสาธารณสุขไปข้างหน้าการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ ให้ธรรมชาติสูงตามบริบทและ specificity ทางภูมิศาสตร์ของการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ มันจะไม่ไปทำงานกับกลุ่มหลากหลายของหมั้นเสียหลายภาคหลาย CSH อาจสามารถช่วยนำมาซึ่งผลลัพธ์ที่ดีที่สุดเมื่อพิจารณา ISAbetween ภาคสุขภาพและองค์กรชุมชนต่าง ๆ ที่ทำหน้าที่ในการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศหรือปัญหาสุขภาพที่ซับซ้อนอื่น ๆ ในย่อหน้าต่อไปนี้ ฉันระบุกลยุทธ์ในการทำงาน intersectoral กับพิจารณาจาก CSH มันควรจดบันทึกว่า นี่ไม่ใช่กรอบที่ครบถ้วนสมบูรณ์สำหรับการเข้าร่วมงานในการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ พื้นค่อนข้างพิจารณาวิธี CSH อาจปัจจัยในการตั้งค่าการทำงานร่วมกัน Systemsthinkingcanbeemployedtoholisticallyunderstandthe ธรรมชาติของปัญหา สำคัญคือต้อง เข้าใจภาพใหญ่ ระบุระหว่างระบบและส่วนประกอบของพวกเขาเป็นสิ่งสำคัญ อย่างไรก็ตาม ควรให้เห็นเหมือนการทำความเข้าใจเกี่ยวกับการโต้ตอบระหว่างส่วนประกอบเหล่านั้นดูC. Buse Intersectoral action for health equity© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1097like and how they may be able to work together to develop a solution. By examining all component parts and the multiple systems that may contribute to a problem like climate change, we can better understand who the relevant stakeholders are and what sectors they might represent. Identifying and inviting considerations from relevant stakeholders at the outset of developing an intervention or policy is important. This step requires ISA organizers to envision who is affected by a problem like climate change and how they are affected. This might include public health practitioners, industry representatives, planners, non-profit organizations, various community groups, environmental associations or ethno-cultural groups. Once relevant stakeholders have been identified, stakeholders need to be brought together in a common setting to build dialogue and a common vision for how a solution to a problem might be developed. First-time meetings can be difficult to manage due to the explicit differences in perspectives. What may be more overwhelming is that despite having a genuine interest in mitigating climate change and building health equity, different stakeholders may have different ideas on how to develop solutions towards a common goal. Collaboration and ISAtherefore rely upon the successful management of differences [20]. Formats for building dialogue might include formal workshops and retreats or informal meetings in a common space run by an experienced facilitator where the goal is to engage in nonjudgemental dialogue with one another. Activities may include visioning exercises, scenario development or roundtable discussions, and numerous innovative ways of engaging stakeholders in the policy process are emerging (e.g. crowd-sourcing).According to CSH, the key to the process of building dialogue among stakeholders is to find a way to equalize power dynamics between all those present. Developing a series of is/ought questions related to the problem may be useful in gauging the diverse perspectives in the room, how they might relate to one another and whether common themes emerge from how they view or experience a particular problem. Using the case of climate change as an example, local green grocersandtheircustomersmayfearrisingfoodpricesduetofood scarcity; larger corporations may consider how cutting carbon emissions and stemming production will affect their bottom line; and community health practitioners may focus on how communities can be more resilient to outbreaks of disease as climates become more favourable to the spread of particular vectors [48–50]. All of these perspectives require careful consideration; their underlying values identified and communicated in a way so thatallstakeholdershaveanequalunderstandingoftheinterestsof other stakeholders. Allowing participants the space to disclose their self-interest is a powerful planning tool [51]. However, developing an environmentofnon-judgementtopursuesuchanactivityischallengingto say the least. In order to communicate effectively, participating parties have to understand the structures guiding their communication [33,52]. Recognizing that particular ideologies hold hegemonic powers [53] requires making values and assumptions explicit. This helps to build trust between stakeholders forging ahead with shared responsibility for developing solutions related to health equity. Thus, equity can be preserved in dialogue and emphasized as a guiding principle when designing an intervention across sectors.Asolution may begin to take shape through the identification of a shared understanding of a problem. Through the process of dialogue building, stakeholders engage in shared meaning-making – a shared understanding of the problem, and a collaboratively designed process to achieve those goals.The practical action component of CSH dictates that smaller and more achievable goals might be developed to ensure realistic expectations and achievable results.The designation of smaller working groups (e.g. facilitated through the use of open-space meetings) brought together by key interests may prove useful to this end. In the case of climate change, increased dialogue between local businesses, public health practitioners and community developers may increase community programmes including the localization of food production (e.g. community gardens, urban agriculture), which simultaneously reduces the urban heat island effect and reducestheriskofheat-relatedmorbidityandmortality[54].Similarly, advocating for energy retrofits to shared community buildings,privateofficesandresidentialhousescandecreasetheneedto produceelectricityfromcoalandoilpoweredelectricalgenerating stations, reducing carbon emissions and thereby lowering the risk of lower respiratory tract infections resulting from exposure to poor air quality. Data from all stages of programme development should be used to evaluate programme success (as defined by collaborating parties).Collectingdataexplicitlyforevaluationpurposesisuseful in this regard (i.e. what is working well and what has been a challenge?). CSH lends itself particularly well to participative evaluation (PE). However, PE implies different things for different evaluators. Some definitions imply an approach to broaden decision-making through systemic inquiry, while others pursue an agenda of reallocating power in the production of decision making and problem solving to develop social change [55–58]. By advocating for shared ownership of the problem, shared control of the process and a commitment to emancipation, CSH informed ISA addresses these goals and protects stakeholders closest to the problem. Ethnographic data collected during meetings are useful, as are audio or video recordings of presentations made by stakeholders and various working groups. The collection and monitoring of real-timedataallowsforthatinformationtoquicklyfeedbackinto the collaborative process so that small adjustments can be made, powerdifferentialscanbeaccountedforandstakeholderviewscan be best represented and captured [55].
Conclusion This paper develops an understanding of ISA that incorporates CSH theory and practice. CSH recognizes the importance of holistic thinking while simultaneously championing diverse perspectives within a given system. When applied to complex problems, ISA has demonstrat
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