several study have point to the importance of parental cognition and coping styles in predicting outcomes for family Hastings and brown found that when controlling for parent self-efficacy the relationship between child behavior problem and parental stress was non-significant in other word the parent belief that they could manage the care giving task was more important in predicting stress than the child behavior in addition plant and sanders noted that when controlling for cognitive appraisal of care giving responsibilities the relationship between child adaptive behavior and caregiver stress was no longer significant when the parent cognitive appraisal was accounted for in the study only difficulty of care giving tasks significantly predicted caregiver stress likewise lusig found that family who could re-frame the disability in a positive way and perceived themselves as competent rather than passive had better family adjustment wringer found that mother with a more positive perception of the child with a disability rate their family functioning higher finally research indicates that hoe each parent copes with the disability may impact the spouse coping hastings kovshoff ward degli Espinoza brown and Remington noted that spousal depression was a significant predictor of stress in both mother and father thus the literature suggests that practitioners need to pay close attention to how family define their experience of caring for a child with a disability negative cognitions about the disability may represent risk factors for family