In a similar way, we are beginning to see the combined effects of these two movements on higher
education. In the technological arena, research has made significant advances. Studies show that
video lectures (slightly) outperform in-person lectures[9], with interactive online videos doing
even better (Effect size=0.5)[83,51]. Online homework is just as effective as paper-and-pencil
homework[8,27], and carefully developed intelligent tutoring systems have been shown to be just
as effective as human tutors[77]. Despite these advancements, adoption has been slow, as the development
of good educational systems can be prohibitively expensive. However, the corresponding
ideological movement is breaking down these financial barriers.