In Study 2 of this dissertation a systematic investigation of the relationships
between the three psychological mechanisms and voice behavior was carried out. In order to assess the causal relationships, a two-wave panel design was used to
examine the relationship of psychological mechanisms to temporal change in voice
behavior and the relationship of voice behavior to temporal change of psychological
mechanisms. Two hundred and thirty-nine Chinese employees from a large retailing
company were surveyed twice in the study. It is hoped that this time-lagged design
can improve our understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying voice
behavior. Only by tracing its underlying causes rigorously can we build an accurate
causal model for this phenomenon (Morrison & Milliken, 2000).