Many countries all over the world face water shortage problems,
Egypt is not exempted. It is expected that in the next few decades,
Egypt is going to water shortage. Poor sanitation in Egypt is part of
this problem especially in rural areas, villages and small communities
where only 5% are served by wastewater treatment plants.
However, 95% of rural areas and villages are served by what is so
called “trenches” which is a way just a bottomless cesspool, which
causes environmental and hygienic problems. Disposal of poorly
treated wastewaters from on-site systems serving households and
small communities can lead to hydraulic failure of soil infiltration
and pollution of ground and surface waters with consequent
risks to human and environmental health (Tanner et al., 2012).
The alternative solution for the villages and small communities
are the decentralized treatment systems. These systems include
and not limited to up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), septic
tanks, oxidation lagoons, constructed wetlands and others. Constructed
wetlands (CWs) are effective treatment systems that can