The Pre-training Principle
People learn more deeply from a multimedia message when they have learned the names and
characteristics of the main concepts. The rationale is that pre-training allows students to focus on the
causal connections in the multimedia explanation because they already know the names and
characteristics of the key elements. This principle was supported in 13 out of 16 experimental tests,
yielding a median effect size of 0.75. For example, students performed better on a transfer test based
on a narrated animation on how brakes work if before the lesson they were introduced to the names
and characteristics of key components mentioned in the lesson such as the piston and brake shoe
(Mayer, Mathias, & Wetzell, 2002). However, an important boundary condition is that the pre-training
principle may not apply to high prior knowledge learners, perhaps because they are less likely to
experience essential overload (Mayer, 2009; Mayer & Pilegard, in press).
The Pre-training PrinciplePeople learn more deeply from a multimedia message when they have learned the names and characteristics of the main concepts. The rationale is that pre-training allows students to focus on the causal connections in the multimedia explanation because they already know the names and characteristics of the key elements. This principle was supported in 13 out of 16 experimental tests, yielding a median effect size of 0.75. For example, students performed better on a transfer test based on a narrated animation on how brakes work if before the lesson they were introduced to the names and characteristics of key components mentioned in the lesson such as the piston and brake shoe (Mayer, Mathias, & Wetzell, 2002). However, an important boundary condition is that the pre-training principle may not apply to high prior knowledge learners, perhaps because they are less likely to experience essential overload (Mayer, 2009; Mayer & Pilegard, in press).
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