Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters including Fv/Fm ratios, actual PSII efficiency (˚PSII), intrinsic PSII efficiency (˚exc) and photochemical quenching (qP) did not change significantly in plants grown with 10 or 100M CdCl2 when compared to control values (Table 2). Non-photochemical quenching increased with Cd in the nutrient solution, although this increasewas only significant in the 100M Cd treatment (Table 2).