Cruz (2010), using AM approach for tissue engineering, studied theprepared PLLA/HA composite scaffolds. This research work was carriedout to fabricate PLLA/HA porous scaffolds by means of selective lasersintering (SLS) technique [15]. 3D printing as the example of AMtechnology can design and build 3D models based on anatomical dataregenerated from patient-specific tissue in a layer-by-layer fashion withthe aid of computers; and thus allows for a better control of scaffoldporosity and pore size in comparison to the common and availablemanufacturing technologies. In 3D printing, the scaffolds are fabricatedby means of either direct or indirect techniques. The former relies onthe straightforward utilization of materials in the body. The directtechnique is flawed in a number of ways: harsh conditions during thefabrication such as high temperatures, post processing and heat treatment after printing, limited number of biomaterials that can be processvia printing technologies and mixing organic solvents with polymerwhich causes printhead corrosion, and also the fact that biodegradablepolymers and solvents (or binders) require specific machinery andsoftware [16]. The latter, on the other hand, uses a negative mold,printed in advance, in which the desired material is casted and thensacrificed to obtain the final scaffold. This technique overcomes theshortcomings of the direct method and this can be important when theavailability of biomaterials with the stability and desired properties fordirect 3D printing of scaffolds is restricted depending on the printingtechnology used [17]. However, the disadvantage can be the production time that takes to fabricate scaffolds via indirect 3D printing. Because it needs solvent casting as well as freeze drying to sublimate thesolvent [18].
Cruz (2010), using AM approach for tissue engineering, studied the<br>prepared PLLA/HA composite scaffolds. This research work was carried<br>out to fabricate PLLA/HA porous scaffolds by means of selective laser<br>sintering (SLS) technique [15]. 3D printing as the example of AM<br>technology can design and build 3D models based on anatomical data<br>regenerated from patient-specific tissue in a layer-by-layer fashion with<br>the aid of computers; and thus allows for a better control of scaffold<br>porosity and pore size in comparison to the common and available<br>manufacturing technologies. In 3D printing, the scaffolds are fabricated<br>by means of either direct or indirect techniques. The former relies on<br>the straightforward utilization of materials in the body. The direct<br>technique is flawed in a number of ways: harsh conditions during the<br>fabrication such as high temperatures, post processing and heat treatment after printing, limited number of biomaterials that can be process<br>via printing technologies and mixing organic solvents with polymer<br>which causes printhead corrosion, and also the fact that biodegradable<br>polymers and solvents (or binders) require specific machinery and<br>software [16]. The latter, on the other hand, uses a negative mold,<br>printed in advance, in which the desired material is casted and then<br>sacrificed to obtain the final scaffold. This technique overcomes the<br>ข้อบกพร่องของวิธีการที่ตรงนี้และสามารถเป็นสิ่งสำคัญเมื่อ<br>ความพร้อมของวัสดุที่มีความมั่นคงและคุณสมบัติที่ต้องการสำหรับ<br>การพิมพ์ 3 มิติโดยตรงของโครงถูก จำกัด ขึ้นอยู่กับการพิมพ์<br>เทคโนโลยีที่ใช้ [17] แต่ข้อเสียอาจต้องใช้เวลาการผลิตที่ใช้ในการโครงสานผ่านการพิมพ์ 3 มิติทางอ้อม เพราะมันต้องหล่อตัวทำละลายเช่นเดียวกับการอบแห้งแช่แข็งระเหิด<br>ตัวทำละลาย [18]
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