1. Introduction
A large volume of wastewater continues to be discharged into natural watercourses leading to pollution of
the coastal zones and drinking water reservoirs in India [1]. Disposal of partially treated and mostly untreated
effluents into rivers and lakes and runoff from urban and agricultural areas are the two main reasons
responsible for deterioration of drinking water resources [4]. In addition, the excessive withdrawal of water
for agricultural and municipal utilities as well as use of rivers and lakes for religious and social practices, and
perpetual droughts limits the capacity of river for dilution of wastes [2, 5]. On one hand the available water
resources are rapidly depleted due to increased domestic water demands whereas the available water is getting
deteriorated due to disposal of domestic and industrial effluents, on other hand. Although, the number of
sewage treatment plants (STPs) have increased over the years in urban India, this increase is not adequate to
keep pace with escalating generation of wastewater which results in a large volume of untreated or partially
treated wastewater continues to be discharged into natural watercourses leading to pollution of the coastal
zones and drinking water reservoirs in India [1, 3]
1. IntroductionA large volume of wastewater continues to be discharged into natural watercourses leading to pollution ofthe coastal zones and drinking water reservoirs in India [1]. Disposal of partially treated and mostly untreatedeffluents into rivers and lakes and runoff from urban and agricultural areas are the two main reasonsresponsible for deterioration of drinking water resources [4]. In addition, the excessive withdrawal of waterfor agricultural and municipal utilities as well as use of rivers and lakes for religious and social practices, andperpetual droughts limits the capacity of river for dilution of wastes [2, 5]. On one hand the available waterresources are rapidly depleted due to increased domestic water demands whereas the available water is gettingdeteriorated due to disposal of domestic and industrial effluents, on other hand. Although, the number ofsewage treatment plants (STPs) have increased over the years in urban India, this increase is not adequate tokeep pace with escalating generation of wastewater which results in a large volume of untreated or partiallytreated wastewater continues to be discharged into natural watercourses leading to pollution of the coastalzones and drinking water reservoirs in India [1, 3]
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