1. Introduction
For emerging market countries, ownership structure plays a very important role in
corporate finance (LaPorta et al., 1999), perhaps more so than in developed countries.
For example, Claessens et al. (2000) specifically examine corporate ownership for East
Asian firms and find that owners exert significant control over the firms they own,which is not surprising given that managers and owners are often the same people. In
addition, due to the relatively undeveloped market structure of emerging markets, the
degree of information asymmetry among participants is relatively high, which allows
influential manager-owners greater latitude to engage in and act upon their desires.
Consequently, significant managerial ownership in a developing economy may enhance
both managerial alignment effects and entrenchment effects. On the one hand, the
existence of significant managerial ownership mitigates agency costs (Jensen and
Meckling, 1976). The higher degree of information asymmetry between managers and
outside shareholders in an emerging market requires a greater need for alignment of
managerial interests with shareholder interests. On the other hand, in a market with high
information asymmetry, it may be easier for entrenched manager-owners to expropriate
wealth from outside shareholders. Fama and Jensen (1983) point out that, in a high
information asymmetry environment, managers may indulge preferences for non-valuemaximizing
behavior
1. IntroductionFor emerging market countries, ownership structure plays a very important role incorporate finance (LaPorta et al., 1999), perhaps more so than in developed countries.For example, Claessens et al. (2000) specifically examine corporate ownership for EastAsian firms and find that owners exert significant control over the firms they own,which is not surprising given that managers and owners are often the same people. Inaddition, due to the relatively undeveloped market structure of emerging markets, thedegree of information asymmetry among participants is relatively high, which allowsinfluential manager-owners greater latitude to engage in and act upon their desires.Consequently, significant managerial ownership in a developing economy may enhanceboth managerial alignment effects and entrenchment effects. On the one hand, theexistence of significant managerial ownership mitigates agency costs (Jensen andMeckling, 1976). The higher degree of information asymmetry between managers andoutside shareholders in an emerging market requires a greater need for alignment ofmanagerial interests with shareholder interests. On the other hand, in a market with highinformation asymmetry, it may be easier for entrenched manager-owners to expropriatewealth from outside shareholders. Fama and Jensen (1983) point out that, in a highinformation asymmetry environment, managers may indulge preferences for non-valuemaximizingbehavior
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