At the 15th Conference of Parties of CITES (COP 15), the proposal to list Atlantic bluefin tuna in Appendix I of CITES, and the proposal to list Precious Coral in CITES Appendix II, were not adopted. Japan worked hard to convince other countries that fishery resources should be conserved and managed for sustainable use by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs), based on scientific stock assessments, rather than by CITES. I believe that such Japanese position was widely shared by Parties and lead to the results of COP15