Educational resources
In terms of physical provision, the findings of the study indicate that the majority of learners study English sitting in rows in large classes. The normal duration of the English programme is 48 hours or one semester during the first year of their study programme. Very little use is made of educational technology, even where it is available in the institution. Students are given few opportunities to develop academic literacy since teaching and learning focuses mainly on getting good grades in the content-based examination. Additionally, there are few expectations that learners will use English in the classroom. Similarly, there is only a low level of feedback, both oral and written, on assigned written work. Thus opportunities for learning English to the high levels of proficiency required both for higher education and professional work are quite limited. It is not surprising, then, that there is a general sense of dissatisfaction with the current level of English proficiency of the graduates of public sector universities.