Asthma is a serious global health problem affecting all age groups, with global prevalence ranging from 1%
to 21% in adults [1], and with up to 20% of children aged 6– 7 years experiencing severe wheezing
episodes within a year [2]. Although some countries have seen a decline in asthma-related hospitalisations
and deaths [3], the global burden for patients from exacerbations and day-to-day symptoms has increased
by almost 30% in the past 20 years [4]. The impact of asthma is felt not only by patients, but also by
families, healthcare systems and society. Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases affecting
children and young adults, and there is increasing recognition of its impact upon working-age adults, the
importance of adult-onset asthma, and the contribution of undiagnosed asthma to respiratory symptoms
and activity limitation in the elderly.
The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) was established in 1993 in collaboration with the National Heart,
Lung and Blood Institute and the World Health Organization, under the leadership of Drs Suzanne Hurd
and Claude Lenfant, with the goals of disseminating information about asthma management, and providing
a mechanism to translate scientific evidence into improved asthma care. The landmark report “ Global
Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention” , first published in 1995 [5] and annually updated on the
basis of a routine review of evidence, has formed the basis for clinical practice guidelines in many countries.
Substantial advances have been made in scientific knowledge about the nature of asthma, a wide range of
new medications, and understanding of important emotional, behavioural, social and administrative
aspects of asthma care. However, in spite of these efforts, and the availability of highly effective therapies,
international surveys provide ongoing evidence of suboptimal asthma control [6– 8] and poor adherence to
existing guidelines [9– 11]. New approaches are needed.
Since the last major revision of the GINA report in 2006 [12], there has been a transition in
understanding of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as heterogeneous and
sometimes overlapping conditions, awareness of the contribution of common problems such as adherence,
inhaler technique and health literacy to poorly controlled asthma, an expanding research evidence base
that incorporates highly controlled efficacy studies, pragmatic studies and observational data in broad
populations [13], increasing interest in individualised healthcare, and growing attention to effective
strategies for changing health-related behaviour. This context is reflected in key changes in evidence,
recommendations and format in the major revision of the GINA strategy report that was published in May
2014, and further updated in April 2015.
The aim of this article is to summarise the key changes in the GINA strategy report, with a description of
the rationale for each change and a sample of clinical tools from the full report. More detail about clinical
recommendations and supporting evidence, and the full range of clinical tools, are available in the latest
update of the full GINA report ( published in April 2015), which is available from the GINA website
(www.ginasthma.org).
Asthma is a serious global health problem affecting all age groups, with global prevalence ranging from 1%to 21% in adults [1], and with up to 20% of children aged 6– 7 years experiencing severe wheezingepisodes within a year [2]. Although some countries have seen a decline in asthma-related hospitalisationsand deaths [3], the global burden for patients from exacerbations and day-to-day symptoms has increasedby almost 30% in the past 20 years [4]. The impact of asthma is felt not only by patients, but also byfamilies, healthcare systems and society. Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases affectingchildren and young adults, and there is increasing recognition of its impact upon working-age adults, theimportance of adult-onset asthma, and the contribution of undiagnosed asthma to respiratory symptomsand activity limitation in the elderly.The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) was established in 1993 in collaboration with the National Heart,Lung and Blood Institute and the World Health Organization, under the leadership of Drs Suzanne Hurdand Claude Lenfant, with the goals of disseminating information about asthma management, and providinga mechanism to translate scientific evidence into improved asthma care. The landmark report “ GlobalStrategy for Asthma Management and Prevention” , first published in 1995 [5] and annually updated on thebasis of a routine review of evidence, has formed the basis for clinical practice guidelines in many countries.Substantial advances have been made in scientific knowledge about the nature of asthma, a wide range ofnew medications, and understanding of important emotional, behavioural, social and administrativeaspects of asthma care. However, in spite of these efforts, and the availability of highly effective therapies,international surveys provide ongoing evidence of suboptimal asthma control [6– 8] and poor adherence toexisting guidelines [9– 11]. New approaches are needed.Since the last major revision of the GINA report in 2006 [12], there has been a transition inunderstanding of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as heterogeneous andsometimes overlapping conditions, awareness of the contribution of common problems such as adherence,inhaler technique and health literacy to poorly controlled asthma, an expanding research evidence basethat incorporates highly controlled efficacy studies, pragmatic studies and observational data in broadpopulations [13], increasing interest in individualised healthcare, and growing attention to effectivestrategies for changing health-related behaviour. This context is reflected in key changes in evidence,recommendations and format in the major revision of the GINA strategy report that was published in May2014, and further updated in April 2015.The aim of this article is to summarise the key changes in the GINA strategy report, with a description ofthe rationale for each change and a sample of clinical tools from the full report. More detail about clinicalrecommendations and supporting evidence, and the full range of clinical tools, are available in the latestupdate of the full GINA report ( published in April 2015), which is available from the GINA website(www.ginasthma.org).
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