1. Fact in philosophy
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method
In philosophy the concept fact is considered in epistemology and ontology.
Questions of objectivity and truth are closely associated with questions of fact.
A “fact” can be defined as something which is the case,that is a state of affairs.
Facts may be understood as that which makes a true sentence true. Facts may
Also be understood as those things to which a true sentence refer. The statement
“Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.is about the fact Jupiter is the
Largest planed in the solar system.
Misunderstanding of the difference between fact and theory sometimes leads to
Fallacy in rhetoric, in which one person will say his or her claim is factual
Whereas the opponent’s claim is just theory. Such statements indicate confusion
As to the meanings of both words, suggesting the speaker believes that fact
Means “truth,” and theory means “speculation.”
Fact in science
Further information : scientific method and philosophy of science
Just as in philosophy,the scientific concept of fact is central to fundamental
Questions regarding the nature, methods, scope and validity of scientific reasoning.
In the most basic sense, a scientific fact is an objective and verifiable
observation, in contrast with a hypothesis or theory, which is intended to explain
or interpret facts. (For an example, see Evolution as theory and fact.)
Various scholars have offered significant refinements to this basic formulation,
some of which are detailed below. Also, rigorous scientific use of the term
“fact” is careful to distinguish: 1) states of affairs in the external world; from 2)
assertions of fact that may be considered relevant in scientific analysis. The
Term is used in both senses in the philosophy of science.
Fact and the scientific method
Apart from the fundamental inquiry in to the nature of scientific fact, there
remain the practical and social considerations of how fact is investigated,
established, and substantiated through the proper application of the scientific method.
Scientific facts are generally believed to be independent of the
Observer: no matter who performs a scientific experiment, all observers will agree on the outcome. In addition to these considerations, there are the social and institutional measures, such as peer review and accreditation that are intended to promote factual accuracy (among other interests) in scientific study.
Scientific method
Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena. Acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. The Oxford English Dictionary says that scientific method is: “a method or procedure that has characterized natural science the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.”
The chief characteristic which distinguishes a scientific method of inquiry from other methods of acquiring knowledge is that scientists seek to let reality speak for itself, supporting a theory when a theory’s predictions are confirmed and challenging a theory when its predictions prove false. Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, identifiable. Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies to test these hypotheses via predictions which can be derived from them. These steps must be repeatable, to guard against mistake or confusion in any particular experimenter. Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry may bind many independently derived hypotheses together in a coherent, supportive structure. Theories, in turn, may help form new hypotheses or place groups of hypotheses into context.
Scientific inquiry is generally intended to be as objective as possible in order to reduce biased interpretations of results, Another basic expectation is to document, archive and share all data and methodology so they are available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, giving them the opportunity to verify results by attempting to reproduce them. This practice, called full disclosure, also allows statistical measures of the reliability of these data to be established (when data is sampled or compared to chance.)
Elements of scientific method
There are different ways of outlining the basic method used for scientific inquiry. The scientific community and philosophers of science generally agree on the following classification of method components. These methodological
elements and organization of procedures tend to be more characteristic of
natural sciences than social sciences. Nonetheless, the cycle of formulating
hypotheses, testing and analyzing the results, and formulating new hypotheses,
will resemble the cycle described below.
Four essential elements of a scientific method are iterations, recursions,
Interleavings, or orderings of the following:
- Characterizations (observations, definitions, and measurements
- Hypotheses (theoretical, hypothetical explanations of observations and measurements of the subject)
- Predictions (reasoning including logical deduction from the hypothesisor theory
- Experiments (tests of all the above)
The Scientific Method
1. Fact in philosophy
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method
In philosophy the concept fact is considered in epistemology and ontology.
Questions of objectivity and truth are closely associated with questions of fact.
A “fact” can be defined as something which is the case,that is a state of affairs.
Facts may be understood as that which makes a true sentence true. Facts may
Also be understood as those things to which a true sentence refer. The statement
“Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.is about the fact Jupiter is the
Largest planed in the solar system.
Misunderstanding of the difference between fact and theory sometimes leads to
Fallacy in rhetoric, in which one person will say his or her claim is factual
Whereas the opponent’s claim is just theory. Such statements indicate confusion
As to the meanings of both words, suggesting the speaker believes that fact
Means “truth,” and theory means “speculation.”
Fact in science
Further information : scientific method and philosophy of science
Just as in philosophy,the scientific concept of fact is central to fundamental
Questions regarding the nature, methods, scope and validity of scientific reasoning.
In the most basic sense, a scientific fact is an objective and verifiable
observation, in contrast with a hypothesis or theory, which is intended to explain
or interpret facts. (For an example, see Evolution as theory and fact.)
Various scholars have offered significant refinements to this basic formulation,
some of which are detailed below. Also, rigorous scientific use of the term
“fact” is careful to distinguish: 1) states of affairs in the external world; from 2)
assertions of fact that may be considered relevant in scientific analysis. The
Term is used in both senses in the philosophy of science.
Fact and the scientific method
Apart from the fundamental inquiry in to the nature of scientific fact, there
remain the practical and social considerations of how fact is investigated,
established, and substantiated through the proper application of the scientific method.
Scientific facts are generally believed to be independent of the
Observer: no matter who performs a scientific experiment, all observers will agree on the outcome. In addition to these considerations, there are the social and institutional measures, such as peer review and accreditation that are intended to promote factual accuracy (among other interests) in scientific study.
Scientific method
Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena. Acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. The Oxford English Dictionary says that scientific method is: “a method or procedure that has characterized natural science the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.”
The chief characteristic which distinguishes a scientific method of inquiry from other methods of acquiring knowledge is that scientists seek to let reality speak for itself, supporting a theory when a theory’s predictions are confirmed and challenging a theory when its predictions prove false. Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, identifiable. Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies to test these hypotheses via predictions which can be derived from them. These steps must be repeatable, to guard against mistake or confusion in any particular experimenter. Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry may bind many independently derived hypotheses together in a coherent, supportive structure. Theories, in turn, may help form new hypotheses or place groups of hypotheses into context.
Scientific inquiry is generally intended to be as objective as possible in order to reduce biased interpretations of results, Another basic expectation is to document, archive and share all data and methodology so they are available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, giving them the opportunity to verify results by attempting to reproduce them. This practice, called full disclosure, also allows statistical measures of the reliability of these data to be established (when data is sampled or compared to chance.)
Elements of scientific method
There are different ways of outlining the basic method used for scientific inquiry. The scientific community and philosophers of science generally agree on the following classification of method components. These methodological
elements and organization of procedures tend to be more characteristic of
natural sciences than social sciences. Nonetheless, the cycle of formulating
hypotheses, testing and analyzing the results, and formulating new hypotheses,
will resemble the cycle described below.
Four essential elements of a scientific method are iterations, recursions,
Interleavings, or orderings of the following:
- Characterizations (observations, definitions, and measurements
- Hypotheses (theoretical, hypothetical explanations of observations and measurements of the subject)
- Predictions (reasoning including logical deduction from the hypothesisor theory
- Experiments (tests of all the above)
The Scientific Method
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
