Updated Accounts of AVH
As the above concerns show, the self-monitoring orthodoxy is not entirely unproblem- atic. At best, it needs to be supplemented; at worst, it needs to be abandoned altogether. Contemporary research in voice hearing is starting to depart from this orthodoxy in exciting ways. Although the pressure is coming from two very different sources, both point towards something similar: namely, a need to account for the complexities, and varieties, of the phenomena in question. In particular, we need to be wary of the tendency to assume that all of the phenomena we call AVHs are one and the same phenomenon, explainable in terms of an overarching model. One source of change comes from theoretical neuroscience. A new frame- work (see Clark 2013 for review) is viewing what the brain does in terms of knowledge-driven prediction. This framework either subsumes (Fletcher and Frith 2009) or dispenses with (Van Doorn et al. 2013; Adams et al. 2013) self-monitoring. If hallucinations and other experiences in psychosis are taken to involve errors in prediction, this has scope for explaining much more and to do so in a more fine-grained way, incorporating cutting-edge neurobiological (Corlett et al. 2010) and computational work (Friston 2010), and accommodat- ing person-specific influences, such as life context and personal history. Within this framework, predictive processing can be disrupted in a number of ways, as a result of a number of causes, with the potential to generate several variations and subtypes of AVH and TI (Wilkinson2014). The other source of change comes from a renewed recognition of the importance of first-person experience in understanding AVH (McCarthy-Jones et al. 2014b; Sass1994). Theorists in psychology and philosophy have been interacting more with clinicians, patients and even activists to develop a closer understanding of what it is like to hear a voice (e.g. Longden et al. 2012; Woods et al. 2015) putting direct pressure on the need to recognise complexity and heterogeneity in our understanding of psychosis. Not only are there the commonly differentiated symptoms, but, within AVHs alone there is an over- whelming degree of diversity. This has led many theorists to accept that, if models that understand AVH in terms of misattributed inner speech are tenable, they may only apply to a subset of experiences (Jones 2010). Along with increasing recognition of voice hearing in the non-clinical population (Larøi 2012), this has led to a broader and richer view of hallucinations and other abnormal experiences, and a renewed focus on revising standard models of
ปรับปรุงบัญชีของ AVHAs the above concerns show, the self-monitoring orthodoxy is not entirely unproblem- atic. At best, it needs to be supplemented; at worst, it needs to be abandoned altogether. Contemporary research in voice hearing is starting to depart from this orthodoxy in exciting ways. Although the pressure is coming from two very different sources, both point towards something similar: namely, a need to account for the complexities, and varieties, of the phenomena in question. In particular, we need to be wary of the tendency to assume that all of the phenomena we call AVHs are one and the same phenomenon, explainable in terms of an overarching model. One source of change comes from theoretical neuroscience. A new frame- work (see Clark 2013 for review) is viewing what the brain does in terms of knowledge-driven prediction. This framework either subsumes (Fletcher and Frith 2009) or dispenses with (Van Doorn et al. 2013; Adams et al. 2013) self-monitoring. If hallucinations and other experiences in psychosis are taken to involve errors in prediction, this has scope for explaining much more and to do so in a more fine-grained way, incorporating cutting-edge neurobiological (Corlett et al. 2010) and computational work (Friston 2010), and accommodat- ing person-specific influences, such as life context and personal history. Within this framework, predictive processing can be disrupted in a number of ways, as a result of a number of causes, with the potential to generate several variations and subtypes of AVH and TI (Wilkinson2014). The other source of change comes from a renewed recognition of the importance of first-person experience in understanding AVH (McCarthy-Jones et al. 2014b; Sass1994). Theorists in psychology and philosophy have been interacting more with clinicians, patients and even activists to develop a closer understanding of what it is like to hear a voice (e.g. Longden et al. 2012; Woods et al. 2015) putting direct pressure on the need to recognise complexity and heterogeneity in our understanding of psychosis. Not only are there the commonly differentiated symptoms, but, within AVHs alone there is an over- whelming degree of diversity. This has led many theorists to accept that, if models that understand AVH in terms of misattributed inner speech are tenable, they may only apply to a subset of experiences (Jones 2010). Along with increasing recognition of voice hearing in the non-clinical population (Larøi 2012), this has led to a broader and richer view of hallucinations and other abnormal experiences, and a renewed focus on revising standard models of
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