These unplanned settlements often lack services and have a range of housing (e.g.
backyard shacks, free-standing structures). Some are illegal, whilst others are on communal
land, or on land where tenure has been secured following settlement. Some informal
settlements have also been planned. Planned informal settlements have evolved through siteand-
service schemes, which involve the identification and preparation of land before settlement
takes place, including the insertion of basic infrastructural services. There has been wide
application of in situ upgrading of informal settlements, which involves the provision of secure
tenure and the insertion of required service infrastructure to ensure health and safety in existing
settlements