Flow-based systems enable highly reproducible sample processing conditions, making feasible precise analytical mea-surements even without attaining chemical equilibrium. System performance has been improved by the multi-pumping approach [28], which exploits solenoid micro-pumps for both sampling and solution propulsion.
The inherent pulsed flow results in chaotic movements that improve mixing [29] and show potential to increase the efficiency of gas-diffusion processes.
Portability, low energy requirements and low reagent consumption are additional advantages.