were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS,PerkinElmer AA800, USA). The concentrations of Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the soil samples and Zn in the rice were determined by flame-atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS, PerkinElmer AA800, USA). In this study, the concentrations of Pb in the extracted solution of rice were below the limit of detection (0.05 mg L−1). Therefore, the concentration of Pb in rice was not detected.