Biological Monitoring
Biomonitoring data, when permitted and applied correctly, provides the best information on the dose and levels of a chemical in the human body. Examples of bio-monitoring include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) national monitoring program and smaller surveys such as the EPA’s National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS). Biomonitoring can be the best tool for understanding the degree and spread of exposure, information that cannot be captured through monitoring concentrations in ambient media. Biomonitoring, however, is potentially limited in its application to nanotechnology because it is a science that is much dependent on knowledge of biomarkers, and its benefits are highest when there is background knowledge on what nanomaterials should be monitored. Given the current limited knowledge on nanoscale materials in commerce, their uses, and their fate in the environment and in the human body, it is difficult to identify or prioritize nanomaterials for biomonitoring. Should biomonitoring become more feasible in the future, it presents an
50 EPA Nanotechnology White Paper
opportunity to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of nanomaterials in workers and the general population.
Personal Sampling
Personal sampling data provide an estimate of the exposure experienced by an individual, and can be an important indicator of exposure in occupational settings. It is limited in that it does not account for changes to the dose received by the target organ after the biological processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Generally, for cost and feasibility reasons, personal and biomonitoring data are not available for all chemicals on a scale that is meaningful to policymakers. Also, the applicability of personal sampling to nanomaterials is dependent on the development of tools for accurately detecting and measuring such materials in ambient media.
Biological Monitoring
Biomonitoring data, when permitted and applied correctly, provides the best information on the dose and levels of a chemical in the human body. Examples of bio-monitoring include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) national monitoring program and smaller surveys such as the EPA’s National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS). Biomonitoring can be the best tool for understanding the degree and spread of exposure, information that cannot be captured through monitoring concentrations in ambient media. Biomonitoring, however, is potentially limited in its application to nanotechnology because it is a science that is much dependent on knowledge of biomarkers, and its benefits are highest when there is background knowledge on what nanomaterials should be monitored. Given the current limited knowledge on nanoscale materials in commerce, their uses, and their fate in the environment and in the human body, it is difficult to identify or prioritize nanomaterials for biomonitoring. Should biomonitoring become more feasible in the future, it presents an
50 EPA Nanotechnology White Paper
opportunity to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of nanomaterials in workers and the general population.
Personal Sampling
Personal sampling data provide an estimate of the exposure experienced by an individual, and can be an important indicator of exposure in occupational settings. It is limited in that it does not account for changes to the dose received by the target organ after the biological processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Generally, for cost and feasibility reasons, personal and biomonitoring data are not available for all chemicals on a scale that is meaningful to policymakers. Also, the applicability of personal sampling to nanomaterials is dependent on the development of tools for accurately detecting and measuring such materials in ambient media.
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