1. Introduction
The scapula is vital in shoulder function and abnormal scapulothoracic mechanics and
scapula–humeral rhythm have been implicated in shoulder pathologies, including glenohumeral
impingement and rotator cuff tears. Knowledge of scapulothoracic movements is regarded as crucial
in the development of preventative strategies and treatment programs in athletes with shoulder
pathology [1]. In swimming, an athlete’s scapular musculature plays a pivotal role in stabilizing and
preventing impingement because its continuous activation is required throughout the swim stroke [2].
Shoulder injuries have been reported in up to 90% of swimmers [3]. This high prevalence of injury
in swimmers has been associated with the inability to maintain a fine balance between strength and
instability, in combination with poor endurance of shoulder musculature [4]. These issues are further
compounded when the asymmetry between the dominant and non-dominant arms of swimmers
are compared [5–7]. Paralympic swimmers have reported the similar shoulder pain/injury issues as
able-bodied swimmers [8], with a higher prevalence of upper limb injuries in wheelchair athletes [9].