*Studies were excluded if the intervention involved joint manipulation, energy manipulation (eg, Reiki or polarity), or mechanical devices (eg, roptrotherapy). The massage therapy had to be a stand-alone treatment; trials were excluded if massage therapy was combined with another intervention (eg, massage plus joint mobilisation compared to no treatment) or additional to other active interventions (eg, massage plus exercise compared to exercise alone). The comparison therapy could not be an alternative form of massage.