MARKETING COMMUNICATION EFFECTS The way brand associations are formed does not matter. In other words, whether a consumer has an equally strong, favorable, and unique brand association of Subaru with the concepts “outdoors,” “active,” and “rugged” because of exposure to a TV ad that shows the car driving over rugged terrain at different times of the year, or
because Subaru sponsors ski, kayak, and mountain bike events, the impact in terms of Subaru’s brand equity should be identical.