1. Introduction
Solid waste management is the biggest environmental issue in Malaysia, highly dependent on landfilling as the main disposal method in managing this continuous increase of solid waste generation annually. The future of solid waste management remains unsure of, even though there are potentials for other methods of managing and minimizing solid waste. The problems associated with the management of solid waste are complex due to various factors such as the amount and composition of waste generated, rapid expansion of urban areas, funding issues, rapid technological advancement, as well as limited energy and raw materials (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993). With the growing population alone, it is not surprising that the amount of land available is becoming scarce. Thus, constructing new landfills is challenging, as with the land scarcity, other possible option for developing landfills would somehow be within the near vicinity of other household areas. A typical solid waste management system in developing countries (such as Malaysia) deals with improper collection services (such as low collection coverage, irregular collection services), unsustainable disposal of waste without air and water pollution control (including open dumping, open burning), consequences of illegal dumping (e.g. breeding of flies and vermin), and scavenging activities (Ogawa, 2000).
Accurate and well-established information of solid waste management and recycling in Malaysia is unfortunately unavailable due to unsystematic analysis and ad-hoc documentation among local authorities and related private organizations (Mohd Nasir et al., 2000). Thus, substantial progress are made by the government, local authorities, and private organizations to establish more comprehensive solid waste management system, source separation and recycling strategies, awareness campaigns, and other projects. However, various issues remain unresolved despite the ongoing efforts as we face lack of public participation and commitment, lack of civic responsibility sense in managing solid waste, public perception towards solid waste as a local municipality problem, undermining the issues in solid waste management, and ineffective education. In fact, with the increasing consumption rate and solid waste generation rate, source separation and recycling practice offers a viable option through effective and concise policy and plan strategies implementation. Separation of recyclables at source is more efficient than recovery of recyclables from mixed waste as source separation produces cleaner and materials of higher quality for recycling (Bennagen et al., 2002; Owusu et al., 2013). Recycling after all, is about separating and placing the right recyclable materials into the right bin.
A historical perspective offers insights of how solid waste are managed over the years (JPSPN, 2013). National development plans and solid waste management plans in Malaysia are gathered to provide a timeline of Malaysia’s solid waste management from the late 1970s to the present. Solid waste management reflects complex economic and social factors (Owusu et al., 2013). The presentation of the history of solid waste management policy and plan strategies is mainly based on related publications and available database provided by various governmental agencies that are related to the issue, particularly resources from the Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government, National Solid Waste Management Department, and Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Cooperation (SWCorp). This paper assesses national solid waste management needs to set realistic perspective for solid waste management particularly in source separation and recycling in Malaysia. Additionally, one of the main discussions of this paper is the transformation of solid waste management policy and plan strategies in Malaysia, which resulted to rigorous implementation of mandatory source separation among Malaysians. However, despite the planning and implementation of transformative source separation and recycling strategies, there are challenges to the success of source separation and recycling practice towards achieving the national recycling target of 22% by the year 2020.
In general, this paper provides an overview on the current practices and disposal method implemented in Malaysia and the Malaysian history of solid waste management policy and plan strategies to highlight the transformation of its policy and plan strategies over the years. With that, this paper is organized into several sections as follows: The first section on solid waste management practices and disposal in Malaysia provides an overview of the current solid waste generation, collection, waste composition, and disposal options available in Malaysia. The following section provides historical timeline of solid waste management policy and plan strategies - how the management of solid waste changes over the years. Following that,
1. IntroductionSolid waste management is the biggest environmental issue in Malaysia, highly dependent on landfilling as the main disposal method in managing this continuous increase of solid waste generation annually. The future of solid waste management remains unsure of, even though there are potentials for other methods of managing and minimizing solid waste. The problems associated with the management of solid waste are complex due to various factors such as the amount and composition of waste generated, rapid expansion of urban areas, funding issues, rapid technological advancement, as well as limited energy and raw materials (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993). With the growing population alone, it is not surprising that the amount of land available is becoming scarce. Thus, constructing new landfills is challenging, as with the land scarcity, other possible option for developing landfills would somehow be within the near vicinity of other household areas. A typical solid waste management system in developing countries (such as Malaysia) deals with improper collection services (such as low collection coverage, irregular collection services), unsustainable disposal of waste without air and water pollution control (including open dumping, open burning), consequences of illegal dumping (e.g. breeding of flies and vermin), and scavenging activities (Ogawa, 2000).Accurate and well-established information of solid waste management and recycling in Malaysia is unfortunately unavailable due to unsystematic analysis and ad-hoc documentation among local authorities and related private organizations (Mohd Nasir et al., 2000). Thus, substantial progress are made by the government, local authorities, and private organizations to establish more comprehensive solid waste management system, source separation and recycling strategies, awareness campaigns, and other projects. However, various issues remain unresolved despite the ongoing efforts as we face lack of public participation and commitment, lack of civic responsibility sense in managing solid waste, public perception towards solid waste as a local municipality problem, undermining the issues in solid waste management, and ineffective education. In fact, with the increasing consumption rate and solid waste generation rate, source separation and recycling practice offers a viable option through effective and concise policy and plan strategies implementation. Separation of recyclables at source is more efficient than recovery of recyclables from mixed waste as source separation produces cleaner and materials of higher quality for recycling (Bennagen et al., 2002; Owusu et al., 2013). Recycling after all, is about separating and placing the right recyclable materials into the right bin.A historical perspective offers insights of how solid waste are managed over the years (JPSPN, 2013). National development plans and solid waste management plans in Malaysia are gathered to provide a timeline of Malaysia’s solid waste management from the late 1970s to the present. Solid waste management reflects complex economic and social factors (Owusu et al., 2013). The presentation of the history of solid waste management policy and plan strategies is mainly based on related publications and available database provided by various governmental agencies that are related to the issue, particularly resources from the Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government, National Solid Waste Management Department, and Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Cooperation (SWCorp). This paper assesses national solid waste management needs to set realistic perspective for solid waste management particularly in source separation and recycling in Malaysia. Additionally, one of the main discussions of this paper is the transformation of solid waste management policy and plan strategies in Malaysia, which resulted to rigorous implementation of mandatory source separation among Malaysians. However, despite the planning and implementation of transformative source separation and recycling strategies, there are challenges to the success of source separation and recycling practice towards achieving the national recycling target of 22% by the year 2020.In general, this paper provides an overview on the current practices and disposal method implemented in Malaysia and the Malaysian history of solid waste management policy and plan strategies to highlight the transformation of its policy and plan strategies over the years. With that, this paper is organized into several sections as follows: The first section on solid waste management practices and disposal in Malaysia provides an overview of the current solid waste generation, collection, waste composition, and disposal options available in Malaysia. The following section provides historical timeline of solid waste management policy and plan strategies - how the management of solid waste changes over the years. Following that,
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