Environmental impact" may be considered to have three components:
− Environmental stressors such as pollutants, noise, or exotic species are released in natural ecosystems. Each tonne of goods transported places additional stress on the environment; many stressors may therefore be measured in units per tonne of goods transported;
− The total amount of stress placed on the environment depends on the quantity of goods and the distance they are transported; in the simplest form, total stress is the quantity of goods times the distance carried multiplied by the stress per tonne. The second component of stress involves the spatial pattern of goods transported, including the transport mode used;
− The environmental impact of the total stress is determined by the nature of the receiving environment. Ambient characteristics such as physical ecosystem characteristics, density of the human population affected, and whether the receiving ecosystem is considered critical or includes endangered species will determine both the physical impact of the stress and willingness to pay to prevent it.
This paper focuses primarily on the first component of environmental impact, with some attention to the third.
Environmental impact" may be considered to have three components:
− Environmental stressors such as pollutants, noise, or exotic species are released in natural ecosystems. Each tonne of goods transported places additional stress on the environment; many stressors may therefore be measured in units per tonne of goods transported;
− The total amount of stress placed on the environment depends on the quantity of goods and the distance they are transported; in the simplest form, total stress is the quantity of goods times the distance carried multiplied by the stress per tonne. The second component of stress involves the spatial pattern of goods transported, including the transport mode used;
− The environmental impact of the total stress is determined by the nature of the receiving environment. Ambient characteristics such as physical ecosystem characteristics, density of the human population affected, and whether the receiving ecosystem is considered critical or includes endangered species will determine both the physical impact of the stress and willingness to pay to prevent it.
This paper focuses primarily on the first component of environmental impact, with some attention to the third.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
