Methodism was itself a product of the industrial revolution in Britain, having been directed, in particular, to the emerging working class of the northern river valleys (Troeltsch 1949; War- ner 1930; cf. Weber 1958). Drawing on metaphors from the factory and the foundry, it spoke of individual salvation through arduous self-construction. And its emissaries to the slothful heathen-the "lazy Kafir," as Molema (1920:254) bluntly puts it-tried to make their stations living examples of productive enterprise. Here they demonstrated the utility of the plow and the pump, preached the virtues of sober discipline, and installed the clock and bell to mark out routines and ensure that time was well spent (Moffat 1842:339; cf. Wilson 1971:72; Oliver 1952:42). Here too, as the other side of their spiritual coin, they taught the value of the "varied treasures of commerce" (Mackenzie in Dachs [ed.] 1975:72) and the supreme enabling power of money (Warner 1930:125).