The authors conclude that ‘the liquidity effects around IFRS introduction are … limited to [four] EU countries that concurrently made substantive changes in reporting enforcement’: namely, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK. The authors in fact treat Norway as a fifth EU country in this category, on the grounds that it is a member of the European Economic Area and has adopted the EU capital market directives. For these five countries, the authors find liquidity increases of ‘between 18 and 23 percent relative to pre-IFRS liquidity levels’.