2. Pervaporation
Pervaporation is defined as a selective transport of liquid
through a homogeneous nonporous membrane with simultaneous
evaporation of permeates [27]. It can be coupled with a reactor unit
and in such form enable selective removal of water [3]. Van der Padt
et al. were the first ones to apply it on triacylglycerol synthesis [28].
The main advantages of pervaporation are lower energy consumption
in comparison to distillation by 75%, and 50% lower investment
and operating costs [29]. Another industrial advantage is an easy
scale-up of the process and continuous operation [30]. It has been
used in combination with lipase catalyzed esterification reactions
and was found to be quite successful by many groups and in various
reaction systems [11,30–44]. Pervaporation used in cited examples
will be explained in more detail below.
Pervaporation is applied for separation of liquid mixtures and
usually non-porous membranes are used. During pervaporation the
feed mixture is contacted with the active side of the non-porous
membrane. The components passed through the membrane are
recovered as vapor and the secondary side is – usually – under
high vacuum (alternately carrier gas can be used, or temperature
difference). The liquid mixture to be separated is divided into two
streams:
• permeate, which passed through the membrane, containing
mainly the easily transported compound;
• retentate, remaining in the primary side of the membrane, where
the other compounds are being concentrated.
The principle of pervaporation is presented in Fig. 1.
The pervaporation process can be characterized by two determining
experimental parameters, namely the permeate flux and
selectivity (˛) defined as:
&A/B = yA/yB
xA/xB
where yA and xA are the concentrations of A in the permeate and the
feed stream, respectively, while yB and xB are the concentrations of
component B similarly in the permeate and the feed.
The pervaporation process takes place according to permeability
(P) of the compounds through the membrane, which includes
the solubility (S) of a given molecule in the membrane and the
diffusivity (D) through the membrane:
P=D∗S
Thus the separation is based on the different affinities of the
compounds in the mixture toward the membrane. The effectiveness
of the separation does not depend on the liquid–vapor
equilibrium. The driving force of the transport through the membrane
is influenced by the partial pressure difference of the
compounds between the feed and permeate side.
Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of a typical pervaporation set-up: (a) vacuum pervaporation,
(b) gas carrier pervaporation, and (c) temperature difference pervaporation.
The mechanism of the separation by pervaporation is the
so-called solution–diffusion mechanism [45] and consists of the
following steps:
1. Sorption of the compounds from the feed onto the membrane.
Generally equilibrium is assumed between the feed’s component
and the membrane.
2. Mass transfer through the membrane, which can be described
by the well-known Fick’s law.
3. Desorption in the permeate side, including the evaporation step
of the given component from liquid to vapor.
The most important applications of pervaporation can be classified
into two large groups regarding to the mixture to be separated: aqueous and non-aqueous mixtures. The various application processesare listed in Table 1.
2. PervaporationPervaporation is defined as a selective transport of liquidthrough a homogeneous nonporous membrane with simultaneousevaporation of permeates [27]. It can be coupled with a reactor unitand in such form enable selective removal of water [3]. Van der Padtet al. were the first ones to apply it on triacylglycerol synthesis [28].The main advantages of pervaporation are lower energy consumptionin comparison to distillation by 75%, and 50% lower investmentand operating costs [29]. Another industrial advantage is an easyscale-up of the process and continuous operation [30]. It has beenused in combination with lipase catalyzed esterification reactionsand was found to be quite successful by many groups and in variousreaction systems [11,30–44]. Pervaporation used in cited exampleswill be explained in more detail below.Pervaporation is applied for separation of liquid mixtures andusually non-porous membranes are used. During pervaporation thefeed mixture is contacted with the active side of the non-porousmembrane. The components passed through the membrane arerecovered as vapor and the secondary side is – usually – underhigh vacuum (alternately carrier gas can be used, or temperaturedifference). The liquid mixture to be separated is divided into twostreams:• permeate, which passed through the membrane, containingmainly the easily transported compound;• retentate, remaining in the primary side of the membrane, wherethe other compounds are being concentrated.The principle of pervaporation is presented in Fig. 1.The pervaporation process can be characterized by two determiningexperimental parameters, namely the permeate flux andselectivity (˛) defined as:&A/B = yA/yB xA/xBwhere yA and xA are the concentrations of A in the permeate and thefeed stream, respectively, while yB and xB are the concentrations ofcomponent B similarly in the permeate and the feed.The pervaporation process takes place according to permeability(P) of the compounds through the membrane, which includesthe solubility (S) of a given molecule in the membrane and thediffusivity (D) through the membrane:P=D∗SThus the separation is based on the different affinities of thecompounds in the mixture toward the membrane. The effectivenessof the separation does not depend on the liquid–vaporequilibrium. The driving force of the transport through the membraneis influenced by the partial pressure difference of thecompounds between the feed and permeate side.Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of a typical pervaporation set-up: (a) vacuum pervaporation,(b) gas carrier pervaporation, and (c) temperature difference pervaporation.The mechanism of the separation by pervaporation is theso-called solution–diffusion mechanism [45] and consists of thefollowing steps:1. Sorption of the compounds from the feed onto the membrane.Generally equilibrium is assumed between the feed’s componentand the membrane.2. Mass transfer through the membrane, which can be describedby the well-known Fick’s law.3. Desorption in the permeate side, including the evaporation stepof the given component from liquid to vapor.The most important applications of pervaporation can be classifiedinto two large groups regarding to the mixture to be separated: aqueous and non-aqueous mixtures. The various application processesare listed in Table 1.
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2. Pervaporation
Pervaporation is defined as a selective transport of liquid
through a homogeneous nonporous membrane with simultaneous
evaporation of permeates [27]. It can be coupled with a reactor unit
and in such form enable selective removal of water [3]. Van der Padt
et al. were the first ones to apply it on triacylglycerol synthesis [28].
The main advantages of pervaporation are lower energy consumption
in comparison to distillation by 75%, and 50% lower investment
and operating costs [29]. Another industrial advantage is an easy
scale-up of the process and continuous operation [30]. It has been
used in combination with lipase catalyzed esterification reactions
and was found to be quite successful by many groups and in various
reaction systems [11,30–44]. Pervaporation used in cited examples
will be explained in more detail below.
Pervaporation is applied for separation of liquid mixtures and
usually non-porous membranes are used. During pervaporation the
feed mixture is contacted with the active side of the non-porous
membrane. The components passed through the membrane are
recovered as vapor and the secondary side is – usually – under
high vacuum (alternately carrier gas can be used, or temperature
difference). The liquid mixture to be separated is divided into two
streams:
• permeate, which passed through the membrane, containing
mainly the easily transported compound;
• retentate, remaining in the primary side of the membrane, where
the other compounds are being concentrated.
The principle of pervaporation is presented in Fig. 1.
The pervaporation process can be characterized by two determining
experimental parameters, namely the permeate flux and
selectivity (˛) defined as:
&A/B = yA/yB
xA/xB
where yA and xA are the concentrations of A in the permeate and the
feed stream, respectively, while yB and xB are the concentrations of
component B similarly in the permeate and the feed.
The pervaporation process takes place according to permeability
(P) of the compounds through the membrane, which includes
the solubility (S) of a given molecule in the membrane and the
diffusivity (D) through the membrane:
P=D∗S
Thus the separation is based on the different affinities of the
compounds in the mixture toward the membrane. The effectiveness
of the separation does not depend on the liquid–vapor
equilibrium. The driving force of the transport through the membrane
is influenced by the partial pressure difference of the
compounds between the feed and permeate side.
Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of a typical pervaporation set-up: (a) vacuum pervaporation,
(b) gas carrier pervaporation, and (c) temperature difference pervaporation.
The mechanism of the separation by pervaporation is the
so-called solution–diffusion mechanism [45] and consists of the
following steps:
1. Sorption of the compounds from the feed onto the membrane.
Generally equilibrium is assumed between the feed’s component
and the membrane.
2. Mass transfer through the membrane, which can be described
by the well-known Fick’s law.
3. Desorption in the permeate side, including the evaporation step
of the given component from liquid to vapor.
The most important applications of pervaporation can be classified
into two large groups regarding to the mixture to be separated: aqueous and non-aqueous mixtures. The various application processesare listed in Table 1.
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