the ethnic diversity of Japanese society cannot be explained by the nationality composition. It is also difficult to explain their identities because these are not merely determined by their nationality. The increasing number of international couples implies that their children have multiple linguistic and cultural backgrounds inherited from them and others. Also, even children whose parents have the same backgrounds can also be influenced by different cultures as long as they live in Japan. Therefore, it is not easy for children with foreign backgrounds to define their national and ethnic identification basis.