6. Conclusion
The field of synthetic biology is growing rapidly, especially in model host systems such as S. cerevisiae. This growth has led to the development of many intricate and highly engineered pathways, circuits, and control schemes, and it holds enormous potential for promising non-conventional yeasts such as H. polymorpha, K. lactis, P. pastoris, and Y. lipolytica. As improved synthetic vector and cassette components such as promoters, terminators, and replication elements become increasingly available for these systems, complex rewiring and engineering efforts will become more feasible and efficient. Improved genome editing methods for targeted integrations are already enabling researchers to bypass some of the genetic challenges associated with NHEJ-dominated DNA repair pathways in these organisms. In addition, many recently developed and powerful synthetic biology tools have not yet been imported into these host systems or have not yet been exploited to their full potential. In the near future, these tools will be used to overcome the remaining native limitations of non-conventional yeasts and enable engineering strategies that have previously been reserved for use in tractable model systems. This ultimately will enable industrial biotechnology to fully leverage the innate advantages of these organisms for the economical production of small molecules and proteins.