Many researchers studying populations of environmental movement organizations have used
approaches from organizational ecology to undertake studies of the organizational populations of
environmental movement organizations. McLaughlin and Khawaja (2000) use organizational ecology
and resource mobilization theory to explain national population dynamics of the U.S. environmental
movement. Andrews and Edwards (2005) examine the structures of local organizations in North
Carolina and how various organizational characteristics, such as geographic scope, degree of professionalization,
and tactical repertoires are related to each other. On a more global scale, Murphy (2005)
uses organizational ecology to analyze the population of transnational environmental movement organizations
(TNESMOs) and finds that the increasing number of coalition organizations decreases the
number of foundings of new organizations. Ties between TNESMOs are studied in relation to ties
with international governmental organizations in Caniglia’s (2001) analysis of the flow of information
between these organizations, while Lewis (2000) documented the factors that impacted TMESMO’s
decisions to fund debt-for-nature swaps in developing nations.