Sample size was calculated according to the pri- mary outcome measure (Quick-DASH score), as described previously,30 and considering a 10-point increase in the Quick-DASH score as the minimally clinical important difference (MCID).31 We estimated that, if there were truly no difference between the two exercise modalities, 40 participants (20 per treat- ment arm) would be required to exclude a change in Quick-DASH score ≥10 points between the two groups, given an α of 0.05 and a power (1-β) of 0.80. The number of participants was increased to 24 per group to account for a 20% rate of loss at follow-up.