Pressman and Wildavsky’s 40 years old discussion still applies to a wide array of current policies. Although they did not attempt to construct an explicit theoretical model of the implementation process, their observations provided clear indications of some of the key elements that should be consciously applied by public administrators. They accepted the concept that the policy process was basically unidirectional (in which policies were first designed or formulated by leaders and then carried out through intermediary implementers). But their analysis broke with the “classical” dichotomy between politics and administration by stressing the close relationship between policy design and implementation. In this respect, Pressman and Wildavsky seemed they wanted to change the “classical” theory by calling for integration, rather than the separation, of policy formations and policy implementation.
In a separate reading to the article of Shannon (2005) who also reviewed the work of Pressman and Wildavsky, he proposed that to increase the probability of successful implementation, administrators should: a) restrict the number of participants, b) reduce the number of decisions required to carry out the policy, and c) be aware of the intensity whether or not a participant wants the policy to move forward. All these considerations will affect the outcome of the implementation process.