Abernethy and Lillis (1995) found that reliance on traditional (cost efficiency-based)
measures was positively associated with performance for firms pursuing a nonflexible manufacturing
strategy, and negatively associated with performance for firms pursuing a flexible
manufacturing strategy. However, their study did not examine the performance of firms that
combine nontraditional performance measures with a flexible manufacturing strategy. Furthermore,
discriminatory power was low because most firms in the study extensively used
virtually all of the performance measures.