Beck et al. reviewed 13 factor analytic studies of the BDI and concluded that it contains one underlying factor which may be subdivided into three correlated components: negative attitudes toward self, performance impairment, and somatic disturbance (4, p92). This second-order factorial structure was confirmed by Byrne et al. (41). Welch et al. compared analyses from five samples and identified a “large general factor that resulted in high internal reliability for the measure as a whole” (42, p825). Using a latent