To deal with this problem of scale. let's now look at organizing the peers into a circle. In this circular arrangement, each peer only keeps track of its immediate successor (modulo 2n). An instance of such a circle is shown in Figure 1(a). In this instance, n is again 4 and there are the same eight peers from the previous example.sometimes called key-based routing.
Beyond basic routing correctness, two important constraints on the topology are to guarantee that the maximum number of hops in any route (route length) is low, so that requests complete quickly; and that the maximum number of neighbors of any node (maximum node degree) is low, so that maintenance overhead is not excessive. Of course, having shorter routes requires higher maximum degree. Some common choices for maximum degree and route length are as follows, where n is the number of nodes in the DHT, using Big O notation: