Waldo thus viewed the political philosophy inherent in public administration scholarship not as an attempt to usurp democracy, but as a necessary corrective to save it. As Waldo put it, “Democracy if it were to survive, could not afford to ignore the lessons of centralization, hierarchy, and discipline. Put bluntly, it was the maxim ‘Autocracy during hours is the price of democracy after hours’” (1952, 87). Theoretically, the undemocratic elements of administrative orthodoxy—its emphasis on efficiency, hierarchy, and authority—could be seen in the service of democracy as long as the politics-administration orthodoxy held. An efficient and expertly run administrative apparatus insulated from politics and under the authority of a powerful executive would increase accountability and promote effective, competently run public programs and policies. If things did not work, everyone would know whom to blame and why, and the representative institutions of democracy could act accordingly.