In this type of research, culture is viewed as a concept for which empirical measures must be developed, even if that means breaking down the concept into smaller ีืunits so that it can be analyzed and measured (e.g., Harris and Sutton, 1986; martin, Siehl, 1983; Schall, 1983; Trice and Beyer, 1984; Wilkins, 1983)./ Thus, organizational stories, rituals and rites, symbolic manifestations and other cultural elements come to be taken as taken as valid surrogates for the cultural whole./ The problem with this approach is that it fractionates a concept whose primary theoretical utility is in drawing attention to the holistic aspect of group and organizational phenomena.