Hyperinfection and disseminated infections can be fatal in immunosuppressed patients (transplant recipients and those on corticosteroid treatment). Focusing on HIV infection, the prevalence of this co-infection is variable;the most frequently manifested symptoms are chronic diarrhea, fever, cough, and unintentional weight loss. S. stercoralis in persons infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is highly associated with parasite dissemination and the development of severe strongyloidiasis. These co-infected patients have a modified immunological responses against parasite antigens.