including widespread use in
the Apollo space programs (Harrison, 1981). As is evident
from contemporary writings (Gaddis, 1959), the Gold War
acted as a significant driver on project management development
in the U.S. throughout this period. The intellectual
activity in developing the field until the 1960s was based
almost exclusively on quantitative techniques within operational
research (OR). During the 1960s and 1970s, the predominantly
technicist approach was criticised and the
theoretical foundations of the field expanded (Packendorff,
1995; Winch, 1996) to encompass traces of organisational