1 Introduction
What we know as the developing world is approximately the group of countries classified
by the World Bank as having “low” and “middle” income. An exact description is
unnecessary and not too revealing; suffice it to observe that these countries make up
over 5 billion of world population, leaving out the approximately one billion who are part
of the “high” income developed world. Together, the low and middle income countries
generate approximately 6 trillion (2001) dollars of national income, to be contrasted with
the 25 trillion generated by high income countries. An index of income that controls for
purchasing power would place these latter numbers far closer together (approximately
20 trillion and 26 trillion, according to the World Development Report (2003)) but the
per-capita disparities are large and obvious, and to those encoutering them for the first
time, still extraordinary.
Development Economics, a subject that studies the economics of the developing world,
has made excellent use of economic theory, econometric methods, sociology, anthropology,
political science, biology and demography and has burgeoned into one of the liveliest
areas of research in all the social sciences. My limited approach in this brief article is
one of deliberate selection of a few conceptual points that I consider to be central to
our thinking about the subject. The reader interested in a more comprehensive overview
is advised to look elsewhere (for example, at Dasgupta (1993), Hoff, Braverman and
Stiglitz (1993), Ray (1998), Bardhan and Udry (1999), Mookherjee and Ray (2001), and
Sen (1999)).
I begin with a traditional framework of development, one defined by conventional growth
theory. This approach develops the hypothesis that given certain parameters, say savings
or fertility rates, economies inevitably move towards some steady state. If these
parameters are the same across economies, then in the long run all economies converge
to one another. If in reality we see utter lack of such convergence — which we do (see,
e.g., Quah (1996) and Pritchett (1997)) — then such an absence must be traced to a
presumption that the parameters in question are not the same. To the extent that history
plays any role at all in this view, it does so by affecting these parameters — savings,
demographics, government interventionism, “corruption” or “culture”.
1 IntroductionWhat we know as the developing world is approximately the group of countries classifiedby the World Bank as having “low” and “middle” income. An exact description isunnecessary and not too revealing; suffice it to observe that these countries make upover 5 billion of world population, leaving out the approximately one billion who are partof the “high” income developed world. Together, the low and middle income countriesgenerate approximately 6 trillion (2001) dollars of national income, to be contrasted withthe 25 trillion generated by high income countries. An index of income that controls forpurchasing power would place these latter numbers far closer together (approximately20 trillion and 26 trillion, according to the World Development Report (2003)) but theper-capita disparities are large and obvious, and to those encoutering them for the firsttime, still extraordinary.Development Economics, a subject that studies the economics of the developing world,has made excellent use of economic theory, econometric methods, sociology, anthropology,political science, biology and demography and has burgeoned into one of the liveliestareas of research in all the social sciences. My limited approach in this brief article isone of deliberate selection of a few conceptual points that I consider to be central toour thinking about the subject. The reader interested in a more comprehensive overviewแนะนำให้ค้นหาอื่น (ตัวอย่าง ที่ Dasgupta (1993), Hoff, Braverman และสติกลิตส์ (1993), เรย์ (1998), Bardhan และ Udry (1999), Mookherjee และเรย์ (2001), และเซน (1999))ฉันเริ่มต้น ด้วยกรอบแบบดั้งเดิมพัฒนา หนึ่งกำหนด โดยทั่วไปการเจริญเติบโตทฤษฎีการ วิธีการนี้พัฒนาสมมติฐานที่กำหนดพารามิเตอร์บางอย่าง บอกประหยัดหรือความอุดมสมบูรณ์ราคา เศรษฐกิจย่อมย้ายไปบางท่อน ถ้าเหล่านี้พารามิเตอร์เหมือนกันทั่วประเทศ แล้วในยาว ทุกประเทศมาบรรจบกันอื่น ถ้าในความเป็นจริง เราดูสุดไม่บรรจบกันเช่นกันซึ่งเรา (ดูเช่น Quah (1996) และ Pritchett (1997)) — แล้วต้องติดตามการขาดงานกับการข้อสันนิษฐานที่ว่า พารามิเตอร์ที่ไม่เหมือนกัน เท่าที่ประวัติศาสตร์เล่นบทบาทใด ๆ เลยในมุมมองนี้ มันสามารถส่งผลกระทบต่อพารามิเตอร์เหล่านี้ — ประหยัดข้อมูลประชากร interventionism รัฐบาล "ทุจริต" หรือ "วัฒนธรรม"
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