Stocking rates did not significantly influence soil temperature or soil moisture; however,
cumulative CO2 emissions during the non-growing season decreased dramatically (P b 0.05) with increased
stocking rates, following the order of UG (0.51 ± 0.015 kg C m−2) N MG (0.38 ± 0.012 kg C m−2) N HG
(0.33 ± 0.009 kg C m−2).