The deviations between observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity
assuming Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were tested
within cod populations using a Markov chain with length = of 1 000
000 and dememorisation steps = of 100 000 using Arlequin software
v. 3.5.1.3 (Excoffier and Lischer, 2010).