Traditional personnel administration (1975-90) With the country's reunification in 1976 the communist government tarted to spread nationwide the centrally planned economic model that had been established in the north in 1954 Under this strict system managing people was typified as a 'command' system of personnel administration in which labour was assigned to all produ units by a ceulualliacd sta plan n each enterprise the peisonnel Sn function was carried out by an Organisation Department (Phong To chuc) which concerned itself more with political and social issues rather than functional activities Its principal tasks were to keep cadre records and deal mainly with promotion, salary and benefits Commonly the department head was a 'compromised' figure for al the parties involved, including the CPV cell, the enterprise's man- agement board and the p organisations, for example trade unions, Youth and Women Association chapters, etc.
In general there was a homogenous pattern of PM across enterprises. In employee resourcing little attention was paid to external recruit- ment sources Word-of-mouth, connections and referrals were the most practised methods. Public media was not an option since adver- tising was not possible, Selection relied heavily on application forms, which mainly sought thorough information on war and post-war activities of applicants and their relatives (parents, spouse, siblings and grandparents). Only a small part of selection actually touched on qualifications. In contrast, family history profiles and involve- ment in the revolution were closely scrutinised during the selection process and referred to when making staffing decisions. Generally key positions were filled by discharged revolutionaries and returning graduates from the Soviet bloc, with appointment criteria focusing more on political merit than on professional qualifications, so-called red' (hong) versus 'expert' (chuyen) factors (Quang and Thang 2004). In addition, labour mobility was discouraged by complicated administrative procedures and regulations. In terms of employee development, training only took place in forms. Personal development and career planr ng were neglected with the exception of approved potentially high-ranking cadres. No formal PA was held on a regular basis (Quang Dung, 1998)
In employee rewards the pay system was centrally fixed and standardised for all levels to ensure egalitarianism. Pay and merit increases were not based on performance but more on seniority and personal judgement. Merit increases were often perceived as a "power reserved' privilege which was exclusively in the hands of managers and at times given to their subordinates as a gesture of distributing favours' (ban phat an hue) (Quang, 2006). In terms of ER enterprise management was officially appointed by the government (Vu, 2006). Welfare was a collective task of the enterprise director and the trade union. Overt industrial conflicts were non-existent. Thus, to maintain social stability the government implemented a low-wage, full employment policy with lifetime employment guar- antees. This practice provided job security but restricted management flexibility in staffing decisions ne possible effect of this egalitarian approach of managing people was to put a limit on individual creativ- ity, productivity and motivation in other words it was blamed for continued poor performance and low levels of employee satisfaction in the state-owned sector, with more than half of SOEs being loss makers or only marginally profitable (World Bank et al., 2000; Painter, 2003). The urgency improve soEs' performance to sup- port the country's development and modernisation brought about fundamental changes which opened a new stage in HRM's emergence in Vietnam.
Traditional personnel administration (1975-90) With the country's reunification in 1976 the communist government tarted to spread nationwide the centrally planned economic model that had been established in the north in 1954 Under this strict system managing people was typified as a 'command' system of personnel administration in which labour was assigned to all produ units by a ceulualliacd sta plan n each enterprise the peisonnel Sn function was carried out by an Organisation Department (Phong To chuc) which concerned itself more with political and social issues rather than functional activities Its principal tasks were to keep cadre records and deal mainly with promotion, salary and benefits Commonly the department head was a 'compromised' figure for al the parties involved, including the CPV cell, the enterprise's man- agement board and the p organisations, for example trade unions, Youth and Women Association chapters, etc.โดยทั่วไป มีรูปแบบเป็นเนื้อเดียวกันของ PM ทั่วทั้งองค์กร ในพนักงาน resourcing ความสนใจน้อยเป็นแหล่งจ่ายภายนอกเพื่อสรรหา-ment ของปาก การเชื่อมต่อและอ้างอิงได้ในวิธี practised สุด สื่อสาธารณะไม่ใช่ตัวเลือกตั้งแต่ adver tising เป็นไปไม่ได้ เลือกอาศัยหนักในแบบฟอร์มใบสมัคร ซึ่งส่วนใหญ่หาข้อมูลอย่างละเอียดเกี่ยวกับสงครามและหลังสงครามกิจกรรมของผู้สมัครและญาติ (พ่อแม่ คู่สมรส พี่น้อง และปู่ย่าตายาย) เพียงส่วนเล็ก ๆ ของสิ่งที่เลือกจริงสัมผัสบนคุณสมบัติ ตรงกันข้าม โปรไฟล์ประวัติครอบครัวและเกี่ยวข้องกับการพยาบาลในการปฏิวัติอย่างใกล้ชิดผ่านในระหว่างกระบวนการเลือก และเรียกว่าเมื่อตัดสินใจพนักงาน โดยทั่วไปเต็มไปตำแหน่งสำคัญ โดยปฏิวัติปลดและผู้สำเร็จการศึกษากลับมาจากค่ายโซเวียต เกณฑ์การนัดหมายเพิ่มเติมในเมืองบุญมากกว่าเน้นคุณวุฒิวิชาชีพ สีแดงเรียกว่า ' (ฮ่องกง) กับ 'ผู้เชี่ยวชาญ' (chuyen) ปัจจัย (กวางและถ่าง 2004) นอกจากนี้ เคลื่อนไหวแรงงานเป็นกำลังใจขั้นตอนการดูแลที่ซับซ้อนและระเบียบ ในแง่ของการพัฒนาพนักงาน การฝึกอบรมเพียงเอาสถานที่ในรูปแบบ พัฒนาส่วนบุคคลและอาชีพ planr ng ถูกทอดทิ้งยกเว้น cadres สูงอาจได้รับอนุมัติ ป่าไม่เป็นทางการจัดขึ้นเป็นประจำ (มูลกวาง 1998)In employee rewards the pay system was centrally fixed and standardised for all levels to ensure egalitarianism. Pay and merit increases were not based on performance but more on seniority and personal judgement. Merit increases were often perceived as a "power reserved' privilege which was exclusively in the hands of managers and at times given to their subordinates as a gesture of distributing favours' (ban phat an hue) (Quang, 2006). In terms of ER enterprise management was officially appointed by the government (Vu, 2006). Welfare was a collective task of the enterprise director and the trade union. Overt industrial conflicts were non-existent. Thus, to maintain social stability the government implemented a low-wage, full employment policy with lifetime employment guar- antees. This practice provided job security but restricted management flexibility in staffing decisions ne possible effect of this egalitarian approach of managing people was to put a limit on individual creativ- ity, productivity and motivation in other words it was blamed for continued poor performance and low levels of employee satisfaction in the state-owned sector, with more than half of SOEs being loss makers or only marginally profitable (World Bank et al., 2000; Painter, 2003). The urgency improve soEs' performance to sup- port the country's development and modernisation brought about fundamental changes which opened a new stage in HRM's emergence in Vietnam.
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