Data analysis
All outcomes in this review are presented as continuous data. For all intervention and control groups we calculated intragroup mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) comparing post versus pre intervention outcomes. Furthermore, intergroup differences were analyzed comparing the intervention and control group outcomes. Effect size was defined by Cohen’s rule-of-thumb: small effect is 0.8.[7] Comparable pain and distress outcome measures from the selected RCTs were used in a meta-analysis. For all outcome measures the intergroup standardized mean difference (SMD) with the corresponding 95% CI was calculated as effect size. Heterogeneity was determined by the I-squared (I2 ) statistic. Pooled estimates of the SMD were calculated using the randomeffects model assuming that underlying heterogeneity exists, irrespective of whether the I2 statistic indicates heterogeneity, and to be conservative in our estimated 95% CI[8]. A forest plot analysis served to show the effects of music interventions on pain, anxiety and distress scores for the intervention and control groups. Because the intervention used in one of the included studies consisted of a first and second live music intervention entrainment (one in the morning, one in the afternoon), these results were analyzed separately for the intergroup analysis [9]. However, in pooling the results, we could not use both entrainments because that would have duplicated the patients from this study. We decided to only use the results of the second music intervention entrainment because it was the most conservative estimate with the smallest reported effect.
การวิเคราะห์ข้อมูล All outcomes in this review are presented as continuous data. For all intervention and control groups we calculated intragroup mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) comparing post versus pre intervention outcomes. Furthermore, intergroup differences were analyzed comparing the intervention and control group outcomes. Effect size was defined by Cohen’s rule-of-thumb: small effect is 0.8.[7] Comparable pain and distress outcome measures from the selected RCTs were used in a meta-analysis. For all outcome measures the intergroup standardized mean difference (SMD) with the corresponding 95% CI was calculated as effect size. Heterogeneity was determined by the I-squared (I2 ) statistic. Pooled estimates of the SMD were calculated using the randomeffects model assuming that underlying heterogeneity exists, irrespective of whether the I2 statistic indicates heterogeneity, and to be conservative in our estimated 95% CI[8]. A forest plot analysis served to show the effects of music interventions on pain, anxiety and distress scores for the intervention and control groups. Because the intervention used in one of the included studies consisted of a first and second live music intervention entrainment (one in the morning, one in the afternoon), these results were analyzed separately for the intergroup analysis [9]. However, in pooling the results, we could not use both entrainments because that would have duplicated the patients from this study. We decided to only use the results of the second music intervention entrainment because it was the most conservative estimate with the smallest reported effect.
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